A virtual city was built to visualize how an aerial cableway may solve an increasing demand
for public transportation in the city of Göteborg (Gothenburg). This model was made at
Chalmers University of Technology, school of Architecture and was optimized for a 3D Cube
environment.
The 3D model was created using Arc/Info 7.2 including the Grid submodul, ArcView GIS 3.1 and TerraVista 2.1 from Terrex Inc. (an Esri partner). The latter was used to generate the virtual reality model. The 3D Cube was used to present the scene in virtual reality, and makes it possible to take a tour with the virtual cableway.
It is believed that the integration of GIS and VR technology will become an indispensable tool for planners in the near future. A 3D Cube makes it possible to test and experience various planning alternatives, especially in an urban environment but also in other planning situations.
Keywords: GIS, Virtual Reality, VR, Aerial cableway, 3D-Cube, City 3D model
The map in Figure 1 shows the existing and planned locations of Universities in Göteborg. The Göta Älv River separates the town in two parts. One of the new big knowledge nodes has started to grow on the north shore while the bulk of the existing University nodes are located south of the river. The nationally important transports on the river must not be disturbed and it needs headroom of at least 45 meters. New "bridging" has to be constructed adding accessibility to the existing tunnel and two bridges in the central area.
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Figure 1. The university locations in the center of Göteborg result in a demand of a good transportation system in the future.
The passenger capacity must exceed the level specified to other public transport systems, i.e. 2,000 persons per hour. With a great number of cablecars seating six persons will satisfy this requirement. Top capacity is calculated to be 4,000 persons per hour. With a car speed of 5 m/s the travelling time between the two nodes, main campus of Chalmers and Chalmers Lindholmen, will be just above 15 minutes, independent of when the trip starts (Figure 2). The system is specified to stand for a wind speed of 28 m/s, equivalent to the existing bridges.
The cableway system will most likely be leveled high to reduce the number of pylons and when crossing the river exceed the required headroom of 45 meters. The transport system will if possible operate automatically to a great extent.
To design and implement a new transport system in an existing urban environment requires extensive information and establishing support for the idea. The possibility to study and experience the system in a virtual reality gives unique prospects for agents to influence and participate in the design process. It is an example how new technology may be crucial for the development and implementation this type of innovative proposals.
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Figure 2. The proposal to the aerial cableway connects the universities.
The input data has been imported to Arc/Info and was prepared in order to suit the model generator, TerraVista. The virtual reality (VR) model was adapted for presentation in a 3D Cube. This device is a room with the dimensions 3x3x3 meters, having 5 projectors that display up to 50 million polygons per second on the walls and on the floor (Figure 3). A 64-processor Silicon Graphics Onyx machine with high potential graphics equipment drives the 3D Cube.
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Figure 3. A Silicon Graphics Onyx II Computer, equipped with three separated graphic pipes run all five projectors. Each pipe has two graphic channels thus enabling the system to run six projectors. Each projector shows the image in stereo, so when wearing synchronized "Shutter Glasses" the viewer gets a completely immersive stereoscopic view of the world. An electromagnetic field in the 3D-CUBE corresponds with sensors on the person, to track his or her position. Certain "peripherals" such as gloves and pointers then make interaction with the environment possible. The separately running Lake sound system simulates distance, direction and character of the sound to give a complete illusion.
Opposite to many urban VR projects, which are lacking 3D data, we had to generalize the roof objects of the buildings to reduce the amount of data to be able to get good performance in the 3D Cube. The city of Göteborg has been mapped in high resolution with photogrammetry giving x,y coordinates with z values. The study area is about 5x6 kilometers. The length of the cableway will be approximately 8 km. Originally 66000 objects in the building database was generalized to 7000 objects, which gave a fairly good city center model. Other datasets used in the project are: DTM, orthophoto, water (we are working in a seaport), streets, railways and the aerial cableway.
The TerraVista software version 2.1 (November 1999) was not ready to create 3D buildings
out of 2D polygons GIS data. The partnership with Esri had however the intention to
develop better treatment of 2D GIS data, even for the buildings data type. An extension,
Automatic Culture Generator (ACG), was under development and for this project we had the
opportunity to use an early beta version to be able to rise the buildings to the height above
ground, which was stored as an attribute to these polygons.
-Digital Terrain Model (DTM), from points in a 12 meter grid (ASCII file).
-Roof lines having elevation value (AutoCad vector file).
-Water polygons without elevation (Shape file).
-Streets and railways without elevation (Shape file).
-Orthophotos, resolution: 0.25 meter (georeferenced TIFF image).
-Aerial cableway, 3D linear features digitized in ArcView GIS (3D Shape file).
In our situation we had to focus on a generalized scene that should cover a big part of the city. The reason for this was that the objective was to create a possibility to experience the aerial cableway from a virtual journey within the cablecar it self, as well as watch it from any optional location.
The 3D model was built in a manner so that the buildings had flat roofs and random textures on the outside walls. The shapes of the buildings were limited to have flat roofs because their origin of 2D GIS data. That means that a roof as easy as a rectangle in shape is build as a box. The height of the box is determined from the roof's height value and calculated from it's lowest point in the terrain.
The TerraVista software is very tolerant software regarding its treatment of input data and how it should appear in the terrain. There was however some modifications needed to be able to put the buildings on the terrain.
The principle used is to drape features on the digital terrain model to produce 3D plots (just as was possible in early version of Arcplot) . Some features such as buildings must have relative heights, which means height above ground level, while other features such as the cableway (3D linear data) must have absolute heights. Streetlines were widened to one width for all, because the real width was not in the database. These features were draped on the DTM without any special respect to horizontal appearance of the streets, which however is possible. The preparation of the datasets included:
When the 3D scene is build, you can work with single objects in 3D-design software, such as Multigen Creator [Infoga Referens]. This was important here to be able to refine the model. Building the city in the way we did, gave us a huge model in very short production time, but there are no details like phototextures on the walls or modeled complex roofs.
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Figure 4. The well-known Fish Church is a fishmarket. More detail needs to be assigned to
such special landmarks. Even if most buildings are generalized to boxes, the model will
become much more realistic for a viewer if certain features look relatively "real".
Reneland, M and Hagson, A (1996). PRT System in Swedish Towns - Conditions given by and consequences for town structure and townscape
Terrex Terrain Experts Inc. (1999). TerraVista User's Manual V2.0
Internet
Jan Bjurström
Department of Urban traffic and Land use
School of Architecture
Chalmers University of Technology
SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
phone: +46 - (0)31 772 2429
fax: +46 - (0)31 772 2394
e-mail: jan.bjurstrom@arch.chalmers.se
Jonas Tornberg
Department of Urban traffic and Land use
School of Architecture
Chalmers University of Technology
SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
phone: +46 - (0)31 772 2433
fax: +46 - (0)31 772 2394
e-mail: jonas@arch.chalmers.se
Presented by Jonas Tornberg, M.Sc.C.E at the 2000 Esri User Conference
Chalmers University of Technology
SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
Phone: +46 - (0)31 772 1000
Fax: +46 - (0)31 772 3872