Paper The First Three-Dimensional Nautical Chart

Author: Stephen F. Ford
Organization: S & J International, Inc.

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This paper illustrates the development of the first three-dimensional nautical chart and portrays its relevance as an aid to ship navigation and to coastal zone management. The application area is Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and the Cape Cod canal. In the interest of navigation safety, the evolution of electronic nautical charting toward three-dimensionality is discussed.