Riccardo Galetto
Full professor, OOEPE President, DIET - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Edile e del Territorio Universita’ degli Studi di Pavia, , tel (+39-382) 505410, galetto@ipv36.unipv.it

Carlo Monti
Full professor , DIIAR Director, DIIAR Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica Ambientale e del Rilevamento - Sezione Rilevamento, Politecnico di Milano, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, tel (+39- 2) 23996240 fax (+39-2) 23996550, direz@idra5.iar.polimi.it

Anna Spalla
Professor, DIET - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Edile e del Territorio Universita’ degli Studi di Pavia, tel (+39-382) 505406, spalla@ipv36.unipv.it

Raffaella Brumana
Researcher, DIIAR Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica Ambientale e del Rilevamento - Sezione Rilevamento, Politecnico di Milano, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, tel (+39- 2) 23996533 fax (+39-2) 23996550, brumanar@idra5.iar.polimi.it

Luigi Fregonese
2nd year Course, DIIAR Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica Ambientale e del Rilevamento - Sezione Rilevamento, Politecnico di Milano, P.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, tel (+39- 2) 23996533 fax (+39-2) 23996550, frego@brezza.unive.iuav.it

Abstract

It’s always more necessary to use Cadastral data to support a segmentation of users inside the Digital Cartography, therefore it seems a valid solution to organize a Relational Data Bank Remote Located access so to allow the protection, updating and safety of the data, to avoid duplications which risk to vanify the efforts of maintaining life-archives and which risk to vanify the integrated use of data banks built by different local governments and public bodies distribuited on the territory.
Through the connection by wire of informative points diffused in the territory, the GIS on NETWORK Technology allows the GIS, once structured, to be available from remote places and from technicians and operators which use at the different levels the data survey to plan and project.
It has been studied how the level of data acquisition and data management can be structurized: from the low level with territorial widespread distribution till to the Provincial, Regional and National planning levels.
This answers to the necessity to divide the level of the logical structuration of GIS, that’s to say the one of the project of the GIS, from the one of data acquisition and from the one of management.
Particularly the output of data entry can be directed on Data Bank of high dimension by client-server systems which allows the access to this data bank detached to the Software of managing GIS. If the acquisition and analysis levels of data is decentred, the management is entrusted to the different planning level interested which warrant the flexibility of using data: the modalities of communications and the philosophy of the GIS on Network is studied in the prototype levels.
The project is based on the experimentation of Network connection typologies to create a prototype of wine-viticulture Cadastral to manage agricultural development planning, D.O.C. (Origin Controlled Denomination Certificate) production and distributed citizen services.
The first level is represented by the GIS model prototype, (developed by the DIET Department of the "Università degli Studi di Pavia"), of the "Wine-viticulture Cadastre and Register of Oliva Gessi": the Commune of Oliva Gessi is the sample zone chosen. The second level is the implementation of the GIS model in ArcInfo, that could represent a GIS model with widespread diffusion in the states and regions or sub regions. To realize a wide level of managing the agricultural activities it has been supposed a Network Model to connect the different GIS built up from different places and the related Data (third level).

LEVEL I

THE "WINE-VITICULTURE CADASTRE AND REGISTER PROTOTYPE OF OLIVA GESSI"

THE REALIZATION OF THE FIRST PROTOTYPE
The realization of a GIS prototype on the wine-viticulture Cadastres was built up four years ago in the University of Pavia, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Ingegneria Edile e del Territorio (DIET). The result represents the starting point, for the development of the research carried on in co-operation with the DIIAR Department of the Politecnico of Milan. The core of the research is the connection between the local level of managing also little and widespread Wine-viticulture Cadastres to a world wide network level of managing agricultural resources.
For the first apply it has been chosen the Commune of Oliva Gessi like a sample zone of the research. In this occasion data were managed with commercial Software "CARIS" by Siemens. The Informative System of the Wine-viticulture Cadastre and the Registry has been realized to provide a valid instrument to support the control, the watch over and the protection of the production, of the trade and of the circulation of the Wines, the must and the grapes.
At the national level there are lot of problems about the administration of the areas and viticulture regions, which form a relevant patrimony, both for the occupation of soil (more then 1.200.000 hectares covered by vineyards , that’s to say the four percent of the national territory), and for socio-economic aspects.
Today’s tendency is that one to obtain quality products and to promote certified products on qualified characteristics.
The Policy of the CEE and now of the UE strongly characterised and gave an impulse to the outline of the agricultural production fixing the conditions and determining the issue of laws, decrees and orders at the national and European level to control, to defend and protect the wine-viticulture activity and consequently to reduce the frauds and the sophisticated products.
To this approach is also to sum the Policy of the CEE which has influenced the soil management and use to avoid an excessive exploitation of the soil use (Set Aside Policies and related economic subsidies, etc.).
The research is strictly connected to the Region Policy and receipt its main lines and directions. It has been created in the past years an Informative System for the Province of Pavia due to conform to the main lines of the Regulation N.2392/86 of the European Community Council and of the Regional Law of Lombardia (n.67 of 9/12/82) which disciplines and regulates the institution and maintenance of the wine-viticulture Cadastre and Registry. With this role the Region delegated its own powers to the Province Administrations and begun a policy of devolution to obtain a system which could be used not only like a control instrument but like a support to the production, and therefore useful to the Administration Government of the Communes, to the social co-operative store for the sale of wine and for the production of wine, to the association and to the single wine makers, and at least to the consumers’ associations and co-operatives.

GOALS AND DATA ORGANIZATION
The Informative System was developed with the following aims:

• to give information about each Cadastral parcels;
• to locate on the territory the vineyards cultivated by the single farmers;
• to classify and catalogue for each vineyard the kind of vines risen up, the related surfaces, the year of establishment of the production, the declaration and recognition of the DOC certify with all the typical parameters of a vineyard;
• to give the Registry data of the owners and of the administrators.

ALFA-NUMERICAL DATA and ARCHIVES . All the data has been put in a database organized in different archives :

• The "ARCHIVIO CATASTO" ("Cadastre" Archive)
• The "ARCHIVIO ANAGRAFE" ("Registry" Archive)
• The "ARCHIVIO VIGNETO" ("Vineyard" Archive)

The Archives has been set up under simple data base software (Access) with their own relationship (see the illustration table of attributes in Fig. 1).

Figure 1
The data acquisition Mask, the Archives managed on Access relationship and the query level

GEOGRAPHIC DATA. To relate all these Archives in a GIS it has been acquired in different phases the cartograpghic and environmental data to describe the territory. The spatial references of the descriptive data are at the base of a GIS.

It has been acquired in digital format the different existing cartography :

• the Regional technical Cartography at the scale 1 :10000;
• the Cadastral cartography at the scale 1 :2000 of all the Commune territory of Oliva Gessi;
• map projection transformation from Cassini-Soldner to Gauss Boaga.

There is an Italian problem to transform map projection of Cadastral Carthograpy which use the Cassini-Soldner map projection to the Gauss Boaga projection, used by Numerical Cartography.
It has been supposed a Standard Code System for all the geometric entities of the numerical cartography. The System of Codes has to be structured in base of the classes of objects to be differentiated in the cartography. To each entity is assigned an eight digit field : to codify data in a flexible way, it has been adopted a tree structure : the first two number are the topic categories of elements (building, hidrography, etc., the second two are about the typology of he object, the others specify the typology of the object related to the class.
The Standard Codes defined for the categories are the following:

01 railway;
02 streets;
03 buildings;
04 rivers;
05 vegetation;
06 administrative limits;
07 contour level and orography;
08 point entity;
09 surfaces, quarries.

The Cartography has been updated by the photointerpetation methodology. The photointerpretation can be an useful instrument to recognize the different kind of the growing (maize, corn, grass, alfalfa, etc.) ; the aerial taken were acquired by a AGFA HORIZON scanner (resolution 1200 dpi) with three optically butted linear CCD Toshiba TDC 141 (3x500 pixel).
An integrant voice of the model is represented by the Map of the soils destinations made parcels by parcels through the photointerpretation.

GIS ON NETWORK
To realize a GIS at a wide level to manage the agricultural activities of Regions, in Italy as in other States, it would signify to build up standard structures of Data acquisition, a data model enough flexible to be applied to the different realities, query and analysis levels to be managed on the heterogeneous data (raster-vector, qualitative and descriptive data in the form of attributes or tables of attributes, the different cartographic projections with the methodology to transform datum system one to each other, etc.) ; on the other side it means to design a connection architecture between the different data bank based on the Relational Data Bank Management Systems and the different GIS models built up in function of the different aims and applies.

LEVEL II

THE GIS MODEL SUPPOSED FOR THE WINE-VITICULTURE CADASTRE OF OLIVA GESSI IS IMPLEMENTED WITH ARCINFO

It has been supposed and realized different survey and representation levels strictly related one to the other to improve the knowledge and to describe the geometrical characteristics of all the agricultural area. The connection to the Archives ("Catasto", "Anagrafe" and "Vigneto") are managed in ArcInfo through SQL connections to Access Data Bases (Fig. 2).

I. The survey data acquisition :

• The project, simulation and realisation of a network to hold the photogrammetric restitution;
• The photogrammetric restitution (Gauss Boaga) at the scale 1:10000 or 1:5000 (Technical Regional Cartography);
• The digital acquisition of the Cadastral Cartography (Cassini Soldner);
• Ortophoto digital projection obtained from the aerial takens.

Figure 2
Wire connection to ArcInfo Cover and SQL connection to the Archives from ArcView

II. Bidimensional and three-dimensional geographic data management made by ArcInfo

• Integration of the Regional technical Cartography at the scale 1 :10000
• Integration of the Cadastral cartography at the scale 1 :2000 of all the Commune territory of Oliva Gessi in the Gauss Boaga Cartography to relate Cadastral Cartography to the photogrammetric restitution of the numerical cartography; topological reconstructions (PAT, AAT, PAT);
• Map projection transformation from Cassini-Soldner to Gauss Boaga;
• Map projection transformation from Gauss Boaga to UTM (for world wide connection);
• Photointerpretation and map of the soil use (Fig. 3);

Figure 3
The map of the soil use of Oliva Gessi

• Generation of the TIN on the elevation point obtained by the photogrammetric restitutions and representation by contour levels; generation of the Lattice with Grid of 2.5mt x 2.5mt;
• Projection of the Covers (the parcels of properties from the Cadastral Cartography, the codified entities from the Numerical Cartography, streets, buildings, etc.) on the 3D MESH (Fig. 4);
• Projection of the Ortophoto on the parcels (Fig. 5) and on the 3D MESH built on the Lattice (Fig. 6).

III. SQL connection with the Archives Prototype upper described.

Recognition of the geometrical parcels polygons with their annotation feature class and automatical connection to the Numerical data banks of the Archives, The "Cadastral" one, the "Vineyard" one and the "Registry of properties" one.

IV. Settlement of query System and analysis functions made on the GIS model (Fig. 2).

Figure 4
Projection of the Covers (the parcels of properties from the Cadastral Cartography, the codified entities from the Numerical Cartography, streets, buildings, etc.) on the 3D MESH

LEVEL III

GIS ON NETWORK TYPOLOGIES TO MANAGE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, D.O.C. PRODUCTION OF THE WINE AND CITIZEN SERVICES

THE EXPERIMENTATION OF NETWORK CONNECTION TYPOLOGIES TO MANAGE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND D.O.C. PRODUCTION
Once realized the prototype inside ArcInfo the further step is to suppose a Network model to connect different GIS and Data management, built on the GIS Wine-Viticulture Cadastres.
The project is based on the experimentation of Network connection typologies to create a prototype of wine-viticulture Cadastral to manage agricultural development planning, D.O.C. (Origin Controlled Denomination Certificate) production and distributed citizen services.
Each wine-viticular GIS, once structured by the local administrations with widespread diffusion on the territory, allows to relate the different kinds of species of wine to the geographical regions and subregions, to access the level of production, to obtain the training of marketing through geomarketing applies. It becomes an important instrument to support the decisions in agricultural development planning, to make market forecast and budget, to project and quantify long term and short-term investment with high profitability : the last one can become a function of complex query building project due to find the best location of placements, the best suitable areas connected to the transportation network capabilities, etc.
Therefore it becomes possible to control and to actively protect the DOC production, the species and the wine production in order to support controlled production trends and resources allocation policies.

Figure 5
Projection of the Ortophoto on the parcels and 3D MESH exposure map

Data acquisition and Management, correlation between human activity and available resources, govern of change and forecast are some of the basic topics to guaranty the quality of a project.
For the High Level Decision Policies it’s mandatory to use all the geographic informations derived from the low level management. It’s mandatory to use Geographic information to support, plan and forecast economic trend, economic development, financial policies of best suitable investment related to the depression areas, to the natural resources, to the infrastructures of the territory and to the geographical state of art (that’s to say relate perhaps water resources and access, communication network with technological network, water pipes, etc.). All these aspect cannot be separately treated, since they are strictly related once to the other through logical connections which require an effort to build congruent description in open systems. Therefore for decision makers it’s important to use organized information in a suitable GIS Data Bank Organization on Network.
Remote access to Relational Data Bank: the remote access to Relational Data Bank ‘global positioned’ using perhaps GIS SW as a client could be an useful approach to support Economic – environmental Data Management in this field of apply.
The Internet holds promise for exponential increases in the efficiency and effectiveness of the ways in which we obtain, use, and share geographic information in all its forms (including maps, graphics, text and data).
Many extraordinary systems have already been built, and over the next few years, an increasing number of GIS application will "go on line".

ARCHITECTURES TO SUPPORT GIS DATA BANK ORGANIZATION ON NETWORK
The geographical spatial temporal information updating is required to avoid the redundancy and the efforts made to collect data; for this purpose several client/server Architectures (Fig. 7) can be designed for the data transferring and remote management: on one side there are Numerical Data Banks Servers (it will be tested the use of RDBMS, relational Data Banks Model System, such as Oracle and SQL link methodologies which run on Line) : they can be accessed by a GIS Software (i.e. ArcInfo used as a client) on the client side, but also by Web Page through On Line GIS realized by a System query tool (i.e. Map Object Internet Map Server); and in the other side there are Geographical Data Bank Server to manage millions of geographic objects with multi-access connections on Network (i.e. SDE-Esri, SDO-Oracle).
The research has to improve type of net data handling defined following different procedures: from GIS Software, such as ArcInfo used as Client to connect to the Remote Data Bank on different Servers till to the Distributed Geographic Information System (DGI) on Line to support citizens services through GIS tools developed on WEB Servers by different Software.
The major developments are improving the interoperability of servers and client software: SDE Spatial Data Base Engine is an example of software support for additional data types and new clients. Currently known for its best-inclass retrieval of spatial shapes in a multi-user environment, SDE is becoming the universal spatial application server at many organizations world-wide.
The level of data acquisition, surveys and representations, will be more and more differentiated from the level of the information access. The level of the information access can be differentiated due to the typologies of users: from the virtual citizen service windows to the specialised users. Client/Server architecture would be the core of this "GIS Data Bank Organization on Network". From the segretation of data procedures, to the public domain access, in any case it’s necessary to project network system of GIS (on Internet or Intranet) determining standard procedures, formats, protocols to make possible the free transmission of data, limiting the loosing of time and data knowledge and avoiding the duplication of the efforts to collect data already acquired from everybody else in the fixed rules.

DGI : DISTRIBUTED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION CITIZEN SERVICES
Internet technology applies can be used to give people access to geographic information in a variety of forms, including maps, images, data sets, analysis operations, queries and reports. Distributed Geographic Information (DGI) is a term proposed to refer to this entire field; that is the widespread (perhaps to a larger audience that would have access using traditional GIS technology) distribution of geographic information in different forms.

Figure 6
Projection of the Ortophoto on the 3D MESH built on the Lattice with the parcels of the properties

DGI applications range from simple, pre-drawn maps on a Web Page to network-based collaborative GIS in which GIS users at remote locations share common data and communicate with one another in real time (not yet widely available). The technologies being developed to make DGI applications possible include servers (which store data and applications), and network communications (which control the flow of information between servers and clients).
The aim is to give users access to the full analysis capabilities of your GIS. This would allow them to perform complex multi-theme queries, create buffers and customised maps, perform statistical spatial analysis, and other tasks. This type of service allows the user to create new data sets from their own analyses without altering the data you maintain. The data sets the user created could be stored on your server for their future use or you might offer the option of downloading their results as a map, report or raw data set.

MAP OBJECT INTERNET MAP SERVER TO CREATE AN INTERACTIVE MAP BROWSER FOR THE WINE-VITICULTURE CADASTRE’S GIS DATA ACCESS
MapObject Internet Map Server is an extension to the MapObjects package, a collection of components for building mapping and GIS applications. It can be used to build a wide variety of dynamic mapping and GIS applications, using any functionality in Map Objects (which includes a large part of the functionality of ArcInfo).

Figure 7
Multithreaded Architectures (many request processed simultaneously)
to support GIS Data Bank Organization on Network

MapObject Internet Map Server is used to create an interactive map browser for the Wine-viticulture Cadastre’s GIS, including the Geographic Data (parcels, TIN, MESH, etc.) and the Alfa-numerical Archives (the properties, the registry, the production and type of the Wines, etc.) which can be managed in the future on the different Servers (Oracle Servers, SDE-Servers, SDO-Servers) : when viewing parcels, the user can plot a particular query and get complete attribute information.
The interactive maps could allow citizens to have information about the agricultural production area and the widespread farm even the smaller one with the own characteristics, the prices and the availability of the wine (in function of the annual most important production, of the sale network (from the mail-order sailing, to the auction sale, to the cash sale or credit cards modalities…).

REFERENCES

• Amerighi, M.C., Calculli, S., Galetto, R., Pietra, F., Rispoli, G., "La realizzazione dello schedario vitivinicolo nella Provincia di Pavia", In La gestione del territorio viticolo sulla base delle zone pedoclimatiche e del catasto. Logos International, Pavia, 1991
• Galetto, R., Viola, F., "Il tempo come quarta dimensione della cartografia numerica", BOLL. SIFET n.4, 1993
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